Ring-diagram helioseismic analysis reveals that the Sun’s strongest near-surface rotational shear strengthens, shifts upward, and narrows as magnetic activity increases, suggesting a connection with evolving subsurface toroidal magnetic fields.
NOAA sunspot records from Cycles 22 to 24 reveal that the Sun’s north-south asymmetry is concentrated in activity nests. HMI observations show nesting tracks each hemisphere’s quasi-biennial oscillation and changes in the large-scale magnetic field.
Using 15+ years of HMI ring-diagram data, the authors measure near-surface solar rotation and introduce cumulative longitudinal displacement, a new diagnostic revealing torsional oscillations, hemispheric asymmetries, and possible links to high-latitude magnetic flux transport.
The Solar Situation Awareness and Flare Forecasting Dataset provides 14 years of co-registered SDO/HMI, AIA, and Hα daily products with expert-reviewed active region, coronal hole, and filament annotations plus 24-hour flare labels, supporting AI-based forecasting.
Oscillatory phase shifts were measured between Doppler velocities observed by GONG and HMI at the same locations on the solar disk over a 14-year period. The two datasets exhibit disk-position-dependent phase differences, indicating the presence of phase anomalies that may introduce systematic errors into inferences of the Sun’s meridional circulation and internal rotation.
By analyzing resolved solar observations, we reveal significant temporal evolution in white-light flare area and temperature. Based on these findings, our new energy estimation method systematically yields lower flare energies, prompting a re-examination of classical macroscopic scaling laws.
Persistent magnetic flux emergence with perpendicular separation directions in AR 13842 rapidly formed a collisional shearing PIL, with frequent flux cancellations there, leading to repeated magnetic flux rope formations and multiple large flares. The pre-flare decreases in the sheared PIL’ s area and free-energy density may serve as a promising precursor for major eruptive flares.
Using SDO/HMI white-light continuum observations and GOES Lyα and SXR irradiance, this study investigates 69 solar white-light flares to examine their emission properties, including enhancement, peak-time ordering, evolutionary timescales, and relationships between the emission parameters and radiated energy.
Using 14 years of helioseismic and magnetic-field observations, this study shows that deeper subsurface outflows from active regions play an important role in transporting magnetic fluxes to the polar regions and regulating polar-field formation.
Spatiotemporal images of solar magnetic fluxes, made using the near-side magnetic-field observations and helioseismic far-side images, are analyzed separately using flux integration and power-spectrum analysis. Both results are consistent and imply that the surface active regions’ clustering patterns are likely imprints of magneto-Rossby waves in the tachocline.