In an MHD simulation of flux emergence, a δ-sunspot is formed spontaneously by a collision of areas with opposite polarities. Driven by convective flows and counter-streaming flows, sheared polarity inversion lines form and flux ropes are created above.
Subsurface meridional flows from ring-diagram analysis showed a clear hemispheric asymmetry in last 18 years. Interestingly, this flow asymmetry leads the magnetic flux and sunspot number asymmetry by 3.1 – 3.6 years.
Features of the Shannon entropy transfer between solar magnetic modes are described and analyzed. It is confirmed that solar magnetic modes can be separated into three groups: entropy sources, entropy transmitters, and entropy targets.
Photospheric magnetic properties for a set of coronal holes are investigated using HMI magnetograms, and it is found that the overall unbalanced magnetic flux of the coronal holes arises from long-lived magnetic elements with a lifetime longer than 40 hours.
What excites the sunspot umbral oscillations? Through analyzing two sunspots observed by FeI line, the authors found that the 3-minute umbral oscillations are likely excited by internal small-scale magnetoconvection associated with umbral dots.
A number of sunquake events were detected in the photosphere after the X9.3 flare of 6 September 2017. This analysis reported the first detection of the chromspheric response to the sunquake events using CaII and Hα observations made by the Swedish 1-meter Solar Telescope.
A novel approach is developed to reconstruct the surface magnetic helicity density for the Sun or sun-like stars. The method is applied on the SDO/HMI-observed vector field synoptic data to study the temporal evolution of the Sun’s magnetic helicity density during Solar Cycle 24.
Power-spectrum analysis is applied on the time-distance measured travel-time shifts in the Sun’s north-south direction along the equatorial area, and the existence of Rossby waves is confirmed.
The Sun’s oblateness shows a variation with solar cycles, in phase with the solar activity level in Cycle 23 but in anti-phase with the activity level in Cycle 24. Such a trend of in-phase during odd cycles and anti-phase during even cycles is confirmed after examining past observations.
A deep learning code is trained using the Sun’s front-side observations, HMI’s magnetograms and AIA’s 304Å EUV images, to establish a relation between magnetic field and EUV flux. Then the code is applied on the STEREO/EUVI 304Å data to obtain the Sun’s far-side magnetic field.