By analyzing resolved solar observations, we reveal significant temporal evolution in white-light flare area and temperature. Based on these findings, our new energy estimation method systematically yields lower flare energies, prompting a re-examination of classical macroscopic scaling laws.
Persistent magnetic flux emergence with perpendicular separation directions in AR 13842 rapidly formed a collisional shearing PIL, with frequent flux cancellations there, leading to repeated magnetic flux rope formations and multiple large flares. The pre-flare decreases in the sheared PIL’ s area and free-energy density may serve as a promising precursor for major eruptive flares.
Using SDO/HMI white-light continuum observations and GOES Lyα and SXR irradiance, this study investigates 69 solar white-light flares to examine their emission properties, including enhancement, peak-time ordering, evolutionary timescales, and relationships between the emission parameters and radiated energy.